耶和華見證人認為『人死後靈魂不存在』的錯誤
張逸萍譯自﹕Reed,
David A. Answering Jehovah’s Witnesses Subject
by Subject. MI: Baker Books, 1999, p. 215-17.
根據耶和華見證人,當你死的時候,你就不再存在了。他們否認在身體死亡之後,有任何非物質部分仍然存留下來。為了要這樣教導,當然,他們必須為『靈』和『魂』重新下定義。可是,這工作並不太困難,因為某些聖經所用的字,是有多方面的意思的,可從上下文決定。英文字的『soul』和『spirit』[1]
就是這樣的字,字典會列舉幾個意思。耶和華見證人利用這一點,於是專講那些能適合他們的教義上的,不顧那些不合適的。例﹕[2]
例如,聖經有些地方的『soul』原文光指一個人﹕——
例如使徒行傳二十七章37節﹕
KJV﹕And
we were in all in the ship two hundred threescore and sixteen souls.
NIV﹕Altogether
there were 276 of us on board.
和合本﹕我們在船上的共有二百七十六個人。
又有一些地方,『soul』的意思是生命﹕——
例如詩篇八十六篇14節﹕
KJV﹕the
assemblies of violent men have sought after my soul;
NIV﹕ruthless
people are trying to kill me—
和合本﹕有一黨強橫的人尋索我的命,
所以耶和華見證人引用這樣的例子,證明靈魂不是人肉體死後留下來的非物質部分。事實上,他們甚至不顧上下文地引用以西結書十八章4節,證明靈魂『死去』。在這經文,
KJV﹕the
soul that sinneth, it shall die.
NIV﹕The
one who sins is the one who will die.
和合本﹕犯罪的,他必死亡。
但是,上下文顯示,這個經文不是討論「人死後是否還有一部分能存留」的問題,這裏是處理「指控上帝為父親的罪而刑罰兒子」一事,所以指出,誰(人,soul)犯罪,誰死亡。(若要知道更多詳情和他們怎樣誤用這經文,請見﹕Jehovah’s
Witnesses Answered Verse by Verse一書。)
為了要否認靈魂這個字指人死後仍存的那部分,耶和華見證人謹慎地避免那些清楚有這個意思的經文;如果向他們指出這些經文,他們會嘗試使用複雜的辯詞來搪塞。清楚顯示靈魂在死後仍存的經文(甚至耶證的《新世界》亦然)包括﹕
啟示錄六章9-11節﹕
KJV﹕……
the souls of them that were slain for the word of God, ……cried with a loud
voice, …… and it was said unto them, that they should rest yet for a little
season, …… their brethren, that should be killed as they were, should be
fulfilled.
NIV﹕ ……the
souls of those who had been slain because of the word of …… called out in a
loud voice……they were told to wait a little longer, until the full number of
their fellow servants, their brothers and sisters, were killed just as they
had been.
和合本﹕……為 神的道、並為作見證被殺之人的靈魂,大聲喊著說:……有話對他們說,還要安息片時,等著一同作僕人的和他們的弟兄也像他們被殺,滿足了數目。
馬太福音十章28節﹕
KJV﹕And
fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul
NIV﹕Do
not be afraid of those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul.
和合本﹕那殺身體、不能殺靈魂的,不要怕他們。
經文清楚明確,人人都能明白,只有那些被耶證灌輸教導,洗了腦,眼晴瞎了的人,才不能明白。
正如他們否認聖靈有位格和神聖,守望台為『spirit』一字重新定義,以之為一個不具人格的生命力量(life
force)﹕「靈沒有人格……它不能思想……我們可把它比作汽車電池裏的電流。」(The
Truth That Leads to Eternal Life,
頁 39)所以耶和華見證人這樣說﹕當司提反請求耶穌「接收我的靈魂」(徒七59),他不過是請求耶穌為他的生命力量「拔掉插頭」。
這樣的解釋,是忽視那些認為人的靈有思想和人格的經文,例如﹕
哥林多前書二章11節﹕
KJV﹕For
what man knoweth the things of a man, save the spirit of man which is in
him?
NIV﹕For
who knows a person’s thoughts except their own spirit within them?
和合本﹕除了在人裏頭的靈,誰知道人的事?
馬可福音二章8節﹕
KJV﹕And
immediately when Jesus perceived in his spirit that they so reasoned within
themselves, he said unto them, Why reason ye these things in your hearts?
NIV﹕Immediately
Jesus knew in his spirit that this was what they were thinking in their
hearts, and he said to them, “Why are you thinking these things?
和合本﹕耶穌心中知道他們心裏這樣議論,就說:你們心裏為甚麼這樣議論呢?
如果靈魂只不過是「不具人格的力量」,如電流,耶穌怎麼可能有如下表現?
約翰福音十一章33節﹕
KJV﹕Jews
…… groaned in the spirit, and was troubled.
NIV﹕Jesus
……was deeply moved in spirit and troubled.
和合本﹕耶穌……心裏悲歎,又甚憂愁,
祂又怎麼可能這樣論及祂的使徒們?
馬可福音十四章38節﹕
KJV﹕The
spirit truly is ready, but the flesh is weak.
NIV﹕The
spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak.
和合本﹕你們心靈固然願意,肉體卻軟弱了。
「一個不具人格的力量」能「願意」嗎?
你一旦向耶和華見證人指出守望台在『soul』和『spirit』教導上有錯誤,他們可能反過來問你這兩個字的定義是什麼,再請你詳細指出死的時候,有什麼事情發生。你應該避免這個陷阱,因為即便他是真誠地向你發問,你也需要很多的功夫,他們才能放棄被灌輸的信念,而能成功地重新學習教義和神學。或者,這位耶和華見證人不過希望你「把珍珠丟出」,好讓他們「把你撕碎」,最好不要給他們這樣的機會。
你若使用下面的例子擊敗守望台錯用『soul』和『spirit』兩個字,證明聖經教導死後仍存,那已經足夠了【我們甚至可以引用他們的《新世界》】。這些例子就是﹕講拉撒路的故事,強調乞丐死了,「天使就帶他到」一個地方「他要在這裏得安慰。」(路十六22,25《新世界》)。指出保羅明白,他身體死亡之後,「能跟基督在一起」(腓一23《新世界》),「非常願意不住在肉身裏,情願以主那裏為家。」(林後五8《新世界》)。因此,耶穌可以誠實地說,「凡活着信從我的,必永遠不死。」(約十一26《新世界》)。